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A recent study has shown that the administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei resulted in an increase in the number of intestinal lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis in active CD[58].
Chicken alpha-actinin has also been found to be down-regulated in intestinal lymphocytes after challenge with two protozoa [66], suggesting that a similar mechanism may be occurring in the sea cucumber.
Since anti-neural IgA reactivity of patients with CD was entirely due to anti-TG2 antibodies, two different types of anti-TG2 scFvs (class1 and 2) were employed that had been affinity selected using recombinant h-TG2 from an IgA phage display library of intestinal lymphocytes of CD patients [8].
They involve aberrant migration of intestinal lymphocytes or mononuclear cells, particularly macrophages, but neither of these hypotheses has been formally proven.
In a previous paper [ 11] we described the isolation of human IgA scFvs to tTG from phage antibody libraries obtained from the intestinal lymphocytes of CD patients.
We have already shown that scFvs to tTG isolated from the intestinal lymphocytes of CD patients inhibit the in vitro transamidation activity of tTG [ 23].
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Lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches (PPs), small intestine (small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes [smIELs]) and spleen were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry.
The mucosal immune response was strong after primary infection and was characterised by (i) transient increase in the percentages of intestinal CD4+ lymphocytes and MLN CD8+ lymphocytes 14 days PI and (ii) strong increase in the percentages of intestinal CD8+ lymphocytes from 14 days PI persisting throughout further infections.
Small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were isolated as described [36], [37].
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes that reside within the epithelium of the intestine form one of the main branches of the immune system.
After that, serum was sampled for detecting antibody titers by HI, spleen was collected for lymphocyte proliferation assay, and duodenum tissues were collected for measurement of IgA-secreting (IgA+) cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs).
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