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The problem of multiplicity arises in this trial due to multiple interventions, multiple outcomes, and multiple measurements (follow-up at both 12 and 24 months after randomization), increasing the risk of type 1 error (falsely rejecting the 0-hypothesis).
We divided the studies into six broad categories: noncontingent reinforcement, differential reinforcement, punishment-based interventions, multiple contingencies, physical exercise, and other antecedent-based interventions.
PAS (Personal Advice in Stopping smoking) combines two of the most effective smoking cessation interventions: multiple computer tailoring and tailored counselling by a practice nurse in the general practice.
Introduction: Critically ill patients are at increased risk of iatrogenic complications due to frequent and complex interventions, multiple prescriptions and potentially higher degree of harm.
PS2 used best practices, including treatment algorithms, community outreach, one-on-one interventions, multiple contacts over time (11, 12, 15), and the theoretically grounded Precede Proceed model (16).
Local referral options meeting guideline care criteria included the Geriatric Medicine Department (providing occupational therapy home visit followed by geriatrician outpatient review), referral to RITH or referral by CCT to two single interventions (multiple referrals).
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Our analysis was limited to estimating one-year cost savings, but these saving may be repeated for post-intervention multiple years.
By 28 days post aerosol infection, which is about one week before mice would succumb to disease without effective drug intervention, multiple lesions coalesce and exhibit extensive lesion necrosis (Fig. 2E, F).
Before intervention Multiple ESBL-forming strains were found in sinks of all patient rooms.
Multiple lifestyle modifications+antihypertensive drugs versus antihypertensive drugs; Multiple lifestyle modifications versus waiting list control or no intervention; Multiple lifestyle modifications versus sham control (irrelevant lifestyle modification for hypertension); Multiple lifestyle modifications versus single lifestyle modification.
Multiple interventions (often multiple therapies for cancer being assessed simultaneously) were considered by 5.4% (9/166) of included reviews.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com