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As explained above, interventionists think that sometimes such counterfactuals are true even if the interventions in question cannot actually be performed.
Exclusion of these trials from meta-analyses increased efficacy slightly for the two interventions in question to 23.3 mm (95% CI 13.4 to 33.1) and 18.5 mm (95%CI 8.5 to 29.2) for TENS and LLLT respectively.
However, it must to be asked whether the interventions in question are genuinely improving health equity, or are simply undoing some of the damage done by integration into the global marketplace, and how sustainable they are in view of pressures toward (for example) labour market flexibility and tax competitiveness.
Moreover, the possible inappropriateness of the EQ-5D is also highlighted by two recent studies [ 2, 15], in similar population groups, which found that the interventions in question were associated with an improvement according to a clinical measure, but a reduced post-intervention score according to the EQ-5D.
Given the weight of the previous evidence for diesel exposure and lung cancer, however, we believe that the causal null is likely false in this case and therefore none of the interventions in question is likely to suffer from the "g-null paradox".
Moreover, two of the studies [ 25, 26] did not provide respondents with the distributional context of the interventions in question, i.e., the overall distribution of health in society, while the third study [ 24] presented respondents with choices only between entire societies, each consisting of only two different groups.
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But there is a rejoinder: to ask for evidence that the intervention in question is not itself harmful.For example, who could object to driver education programmes in schools?
It is also illustrates why clinicians need to assess the risks and harms of the intervention in question.
"If a warfighter is allowed no autonomous freedom to accept or decline an enhancement intervention, and the intervention in question is as invasive as remote brain control," they write, "then the ethical implications are immense".
Whether the concern is the distortion of some constant of the human condition, like senescence, or a "species altering" threat to our collective gene pool, or the corruption of practices designed to celebrate the inherited human traits we value most, these appeals all signal that the intervention in question has deep implications for who we want to be, given who we have been.
The NNT is defined as the number of patients one would need to treat with the intervention in question in order to have one more success (or one less failure) than if treated in the control intervention.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com