Recent research has increased the emphasis on tight metabolic control as several large intervention studies have indicated maintaining good metabolic control can delay or prevent the progression of complications associated with diabetes [ 2- 5].
Several intervention studies have indicated that young children could benefit from phoneme awareness and letter knowledge training before the beginning of formal reading instruction (e.g. Ball & Blachman, 1991; Bradley & Bryant 1985; Schneider, Roth, & Ennemoser, 2000).
Meta analyses of intervention effectiveness have indicated moderate outcomes, reflecting predominately positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and perceptions, although more rarely showing change in bullying behaviours (Merrell, Gueldner, Ross, & Isava, 2008; Ttofi & Farrington, 2011).
We were not able to examine the long-term effect (greater than 12 weeks after the intervention), but individual studies have indicated that the intervention effect might not last over a long period of time [ 11, 14].
Despite the evidence for efficacy of these interventions, earlier efficacy studies have indicated that the use of and exposure to the content of internet interventions may often not be optimal [ 16, 17].
Similarly, feasibility studies of PE interventions for bipolar disorder have indicated that they are feasible and acceptable treatment options in high-income countries (Fiorillo et al. 2016; Poole et al. 2015).
Exercise only interventions conducted during chemotherapy have indicated that resistance exercise training is probably required to realise an increase in LBM [ 22], while aerobic training alone has shown little to no impact on LBM change [ 26].
This is in contrast to studies designed to test the efficacy of an intervention in smokers who have indicated strong interest in quitting.
Success however, is likely to depend upon early diagnosis and intervention; as animal models have indicated that within one month of obstruction, by a cast, irreversible damage has occurred to the nephron [ 34].
Evidence from different areas have indicated that interventions can effectively improve vaccination coverage [ 9– 12].
Further robustly-designed studies are necessary to test these hypotheses, especially given that studies in this review have indicated that interventions may have the potential to reduce perceived decision difficulty.
