INTERVENTION : Consumption of a light diet or water during labour.
The GOLDN study was designed to evaluate genetic factors that modulate plasma lipid responses to a diet intervention (consumption of a high-fat meal) and fenofibrate treatment.
A randomized cross-over design was used, consisting of two 16-day fully controlled dietary interventions involving consumption of individualized, isoenergetic menus providing either 0.6 g protein/kg BW/day (low-protein diet ∼7 en% derived from protein), or 2.2 g protein/kg BW/day (high-protein diet ∼25 en%).
Brief interventions reduce consumption; however, their impact has been limited by poor implementation (Kaner et al., 2007).
Therefore, it cannot be ignored that tension might exist between effective interventions on consumption behavior and the feasibility in real-life settings.
The intervention study design and intervention protocol, which also provides information about pre-, mid-, and post-intervention food consumption and dietary compliance, have been described in detail by Shaw et al. [ 56].
The NDB intervention increased consumption of fruits, nuts/seeds, dairy, vegetables, fish/seafood, and eggs at 1 month (P <.05), and maintained the increases in dairy, fish/seafood, and eggs at 2 months.
Although there was no significant difference between groups, the DB intervention increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts/seeds, fish/seafood, dairy, eggs, and legumes at 1 month and maintained the increases in vegetables, eggs, and legumes at 2 months (P <.05).
Due to brief intervention alcohol consumption patterns are altered.
In intervention studies, consumption of approximately one to two alcoholic drinks per day increased estrogen levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women [ 69, 70], suggesting a mechanism by which alcohol may increase breast cancer risk.
