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From Esrey et al. (1991) on, this has been reflected in the reporting of effect sizes for different categories of WASH interventions, calculated by meta-analysis.
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Similar to the estimates used in earlier simulation studies [ 3, 21], CVD risk estimates after interventions were calculated by using a formula before interventions that was based on the SBP level after interventions.
Interventions are calculated by using clinically validated computer models of human metabolism and its variability in critical illness to maximize the overlap of the model-predicted (5-95th percentile) range of BG outcomes with the 4.0-6.5 4.0-6.5band while ensuring a mmol/Lm 5% risk of band 4.0 mmol/L.
The proportion of patients with neutropenic events and the proportion of patients receiving supporting interventions were calculated by cycle and cumulatively across all cycles.
The regression-adjusted differences in cost and LOS associated with the intervention were calculated by predicting the value of a given outcome Y under four scenarios (intervention postoutcome, intervention preoutcome, comparison postoutcome, and comparison preoutcome) and taking the DID: [(Yinterv, post − Yinterv, pre) − (Ycomp, post − Ycomp, pre)] (15).
An incremental analysis was conducted where treatments are listed in order of clinical efficacy and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER = ratio of difference in costs and difference in QALYs) of each intervention is calculated by comparing it to the next most effective intervention (see Table 3).
In each study, the effect size for the intervention was calculated by the difference between the means of the treatment group of interest before and after intervention.
The costs of opportunistic screening and subsequent intervention were calculated by using a so-called bottom-up method as advocated in the Dutch Pharmacoeconomic guidelines [43].
Effect of intervention is calculated by ANCOVA analysis using baseline values as co-variates.
The cost of the intervention is calculated by multiplying resource use of identified parameters with the unit cost or prices.
The cost of the intervention is calculated by multiplying the resource utilisation of the identified input parameters with the relevant unit costs or prices.
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