Study Selection: Studies were initially reviewed according to the following exclusion criteria: nonintervention studies; theoretical, descriptive, or review papers; papers without adequate specification of interventions; subjects other than persons with TBI or stroke; pediatric subjects; pharmacologic interventions; and non-English language papers.
The remaining trials (46/84) assessed non-clinical interventions and non-marketed products such as growth modification and removable appliances, closing loops and archwires.
This should be supplemented by more costly randomized controlled trials comparing QI interventions and non-randomized multi-site outcomes-oriented longitudinal studies.
Sixty-one individuals were recruited at the start of Well London delivery and comprised matched participants of the interventions, and non-participants (see table 1).
Another reason is the lack of detailed guidance on how to describe the content of interventions in research studies; this is in particular a challenging task in multidisciplinary interventions and non-pharmacological interventions [ 9, 10].
We excluded studies according to the following exclusion criteria: studies conducted in regions outside mainland China, trials that compared different pharmacological interventions, and non-randomised or before-after studies.
The main operational hurdles and their causes are summarised in table 1. Operational enablers included: keeping trial designs simple, only investigating approved interventions and non-vulnerable populations to prevent regulatory delays, and rapid recruitment of participants due to large patient pools that were usually prepared to give consent.
Thirdly, a final overarching synthesis of intervention and non intervention studies was conducted.
* PHASE 2. Creation of the study groups (intervention-IG and non intervention-NIG) and midwife training programme: - The randomisation unit was the PCN.
Statistically significant differences were found between the intervention and non-intervention group.
In their book, Can Intervention Work?, Rory Stewart and Gerald Knaus write: "We both believe that it is possible to walk the tightrope between the horrors of over-intervention and non-intervention; that there is still a possibility of avoiding the horrors not only of Iraq but also of Rwanda".
