The individual variables that were reported were divided in four categories: demographic, diagnostic, intervention, and effect variables.
However, most studies in this area have adopted a before/after intervention study design, making it difficult to establish a causal relationship between intervention and effect (36).
It is rarely feasible to conduct controlled trials and, as residents take time to adjust, there may be delay between intervention and effect (Lawlor et al., 2003).
Higher uptake of intervention and effects in disadvantaged group has also been reported.
The intervention and effects after the first three months have previously been reported [ 14].
A longer time-frame of evaluation would be required to demonstrate any causal link between the intervention and effects on patient care and management.
Assessors need to investigate unintended effects of interventions and interaction effects between different interventions.
Recommendation 7: Assessors need to investigate unintended effects of interventions and interaction effects between different interventions.
The difficulty associated with measuring exercise is a challenge for such interventions and its effects has been captured elsewhere [28].
It will include perioperative and postoperative complications for surgical interventions and side effects of medical treatments.
