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One of the sophisticated methods is to estimate nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates for interrogating sequence dynamics and constructing phylogenetic trees.
As expected, no meaningful variation in signal strength is detectable in this case, ruling out that simply the number of probes, irrespective of probe vs. interrogating sequence homology, is influential.
Particularly, comparing sequences of human and chimp orthologs in conjunction with interrogating sequence polymorphisms in humans, we estimate the rates of evolution at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites and the levels of selective constraint for all human chimp protein-coding genes.
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We measured DNA methylation in ejaculated spermatozoa, interrogating sequences in repetitive elements, promoter CpG islands, and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes.
To conclude, for a probe interrogating sequences from both digestions, we assume that the signal for sample i at locus j is proportional to: (9) We say that the confounded fragment-length effect is additive on the intensity scale.
Stacks distinguished sequencing errors from polymorphisms using a maximum likelihood framework (Hohenlohe et al. 2010), compared loci of offspring and parents, called genotypes, provided a web interface for interrogating sequences and genotypes, and exported genotypes into JoinMap mapping software (Van Ooijen 2006).
Compared to markers based on size discrimination or hybridization, SNPs directly interrogate sequence variation and can reduce genotyping errors [ 12].
Another useful resource for investigating candidate SNPs is the ECCO database (Nguyen et al. 2014), which enables researchers to interrogate sequence variation of functional elements for each of 19 tissues/cell types.
Because the SC and TL proximal breakpoint regions appear to be coincident on the cytological map (Dobzhansky 1944), only one primer pair was designed to interrogate sequence evolution at both inversion breakpoints.
Inspired by previous sequence-based computational prediction algorithms [Ng and Henikoff, 2001; Thomas et al., 2003], our unweighted/species-independent method interrogates sequence conservation through the underlying amino acid probabilities modeled by the internal match states of several HMMs representing the alignment of homologous sequences and conserved protein domains.
Other methods such as in situ hybridization can effectively interrogate sequences in single cells in addition to providing the physical address of transcripts or DNA in intact tissue.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com