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We trained the raters prior to the quality assessment exercise yet inter-rater agreement was low for several questions that required a certain degree of interpretation to answer.
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Second, we will discuss two interpretations (one by Einstein and Infeld, 1938 and the other by Zahar, 1989), which we will call ontological interpretations, that attempt to answer question (3) above affirmatively.
Furthermore, employing the image-interpretation protocol, we aimed to answer a second set of questions, namely: Are schematic representations of proteins, combined with verbal instructions about structural details, sufficient to provide insight into structural aspects of proteins (test 2)?
This finding was also consistent across items of different types, which supports the interpretation that the ability needed to answer second-tier items is more advanced than the ability required to answer first-tier items.
However, a large body of data accumulated over the last decade, with a recent significant contribution of molecular biology, clearly shows that this historical simplistic interpretation of biomonitoring data fails to answer a number of questions about environmental threats to human health.
There are several possible interpretations of the findings in this exploratory study, all of which require further research to answer.
The reasons for drop out were: absence of response (n=145); inability to answer due to disease (n=34); absence of answers in the returned questionnaires (n=8); refusal to answer (n=5); not reachable at noted address (n=4); change of address (n=1); answered by wrong person (n=1); and too incoherent answers to allow adequate interpretation (n=1).
Probes address the meaning of the question for the patient (e.g., meaning of words, concepts, item frame of reference); the relevant information patients are retrieving from memory to answer the item; the thought process implied in formulating his/her answer (recalling, formulating or reporting answer); or further thoughts/interpretations that are elicited by the item.
The results could possibly also be affected by a change in interpretation of answering alternatives, the response shift.
Read the Bible in context; remembering, our personal interpretation is not what matters to answers questions... What matters is what the author intends for it to mean.
Quality did not generally affect our interpretation of answers to the key questions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com