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The curriculum was delivered in either traditional lecture format (shock, acute abdomen, dyspnea, field trauma) or via asynchronous, computer-based modules (chest pain, EKG interpretation, pain management, trauma).
The standard curriculum on these topics was delivered in either traditional classroom lecture format (shock, acute abdomen, dyspnea, ED trauma) or via asynchronous, computer-based modules (chest pain, EKG interpretation, pain management, field trauma).
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They also were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 conditions in the Ambiguous Scenarios Task, in which they were trained to have either a threatening interpretation of pain (pain bias condition) or a nonthreatening interpretation of pain (no pain bias condition).
Interpretation of pain curves as "survival pain curves" allowed application of statistical methods usual in cancer research.
For most of recorded history, there has been a belief that cognitive interpretation of pain was necessary for pain to result in long-term negative consequences.
Fear-avoidance refers to the interpretation of pain as a signal for future pain and injury, resulting in pain-related fear and avoidance of activity.
To facilitate interpretation of pain and function results, we based our analysis on patient reported pain and function.
Potential for recall bias and variation between individuals' interpretation of pain rating scales should also be considered when interpreting self-report data [ 56, 57].
We describe the use of multiple endpoints in the design, analysis, and interpretation of pain clinical trials, and review available strategies and methods for addressing multiplicity.
COMT is a key regulator in the degradation of catecholamines and individual differences in the activity of the enzyme have been shown to influence the interpretation of pain and negative environmental stimuli [9], [25].
Catastrophizing refers to an exaggerated negative interpretation of pain and health problems in general [ 19].
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