As for the confidence intervals obtained using generalised Cochran heterogeneity statistics described above, providing the interval [0,0] increases the coverage probability by α/2 when τ=0 but this avoids the difficulty in interpreting empty confidence sets.
See how they interpret that empty box".
This occurs when the data appear to be highly homogenous, and we can either follow Knapp et al.[ 21] and Jackson [ 8] by interpreting these empty sets as providing confidence intervals of [0,0], or Viechtbauer [ 9] and report the empty confidence set.
Here and are positive integers or zero (interpreting an empty product as ), and we assume (for simplicity) that the variable the numerator parameters and the denominator parameters take on complex values, provided that no zeros appear in the denominator of (1.1), that is, (1.3).
Here, p and q are positive integers or zero (interpreting an empty product as unity), and we assume for simplicity that the variable z, the numerator parameters α 1, …, α p and the denominator parameters β 1, …, β q take on complex values, provided that no zeros appear in the denominator of (1), that is, β j ∈ C ∖ Z 0 − ; j = 1, …, q. (3).
In addition, no unusual membrane structures that could be interpreted as "empty" ESVs were observed.
To avoid misunderstanding, if we have a finite sequence ((a_{1},dots,a_{n})) and (k,min{1,dots,n }) such that (k< m), then ((a_{m},dots,a_{k})) will be interpreted as the empty sequence.
When (mathtt{S}_{mathrm{i}}) in B are interpreted as non-empty sets, then ((mathtt{S R}_{1},ldots,mathtt{R}_{mathrm{n}})) denotes the set of all (total or partial) functions from (mathtt{R}_{1}times cdots times mathtt{R}_{mathrm{n}}) into S, (mathtt{(R}_{1},ldots,mathtt{R}_{mathrm{n}})) denotes the Cartesian product (mathtt{R}_{1}times cdots times mathtt{R}_{mathrm{n}}).
It's very easy to interpret every politician's words as an empty ploy.
Justice Antonin Scalia made the opposite point, saying, "I think it's a pretty empty statute as well to interpret the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act to immunize the Department of Defense but not the secretary of defense".
