Affordable access to essential medicines is increasingly recognised as a global public good, providing an essential precondition to a reasonable quality of life for a significant proportion of every human population, being systematically underprovided by private market forces and imposing burdensome international externality costs on third parties[ 53].
Unlike mitigation, adaptation does not always entail an international positive externality, so countries that engage in this type of policies can secure their benefits for themselves.
While the importance of aspirations for human capital formation is well established, there is no consensus as to whether the externalities of international migration are positive or negative for children's education.
Moreover, such investments could generate positive international public goods out of positive environmental externalities.
However, the local results appear a local spatially inverse relationship in the areas adjacent to the international airport (CMH), indicating the existence of negative externalities.
Major international environmental problems can be characterized as stock externality phenomena.
In this paper, however, we want to explore a different externality, namely the impact that an international equalization scheme could have on the so-called 'race to the bottom'.
Through administration, interagency and international efforts, methodologies to calculate the economic costs of these externalities -- called the social cost of carbon -- are increasingly common.
However, any kind of development that treats the disadvantaged and marginalised as regrettable externalities of overall growth goals is neither sustainable, nor compatible with international human rights standards.
The variation of norms and values that international migrants are exposed to makes it possible to find out if migration has positive or negative human capital externalities, such as through changing the educational aspirations of households.
