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Nevertheless, if the results of an RCT are not internally valid, the question of external validity may be regarded as irrelevant; equally, the results of an internally valid RCT may be clinically limited if it lacks external validity [ 5].
Most publications attempt to convince readers that the researchers' conclusions are both internally valid and important, and occasionally papers also directly address external validity.
In some cases, we also provide some concrete illustrations of how internally valid causal estimates can be supplemented with specific structural assumptions to address "external validity": the estimate from an internally valid "experimental" estimate can be viewed as a "leading term" in an extrapolation for a parameter of interest in an ex ante evaluation.
To yield internally valid results, randomization is needed.
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) deliver robust internally valid evidence but generalizability is often neglected.
Randomized clinical trials provide the most internally valid evidence for medical decision-making.
Internally valid futures research processes are considered to 'shape the future' into pragmatic and organizational approaches.
The wealth quintiles were found to be internally valid and coherent.
The intervention was implemented with high fidelity and was internally valid.
Despite the small size of the sample, the models in Tables 3 and 4 were all internally valid.
The Nigeria wealth index developed in this study is internally valid and coherent as it shows a clear differentiation of living standards among different households.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com