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In contrast, the internalized immune cells without cytotoxic activities manifested entotic cell-in-cell death.
In this study, we further demonstrated that the apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurred only in internalized immune killer cells expressing granzyme B (GzmB).
However, when extending the spectrum of immune cells as effector cells, we found that internalized immune cells under investigation died in two manners, either lysosomal entosis or apoptotic cell-in-cell death.
However, our early and recent studies as well as those from others provide evidence that cell-in-cell death is the major destination of internalized immune cells characterized as caspase-dependent apoptotic cell-in-cell death, a process different from cannibalism or entosis.
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Autoreactive B cells from these mice recognize the IgG part of the immune complex by their surface B cell receptor, then internalize immune complexes, which exposes CpG-DNA to TLR9 in the endosomal compartment [ 32].
Further, rigid particles have shown to be greater than 5-fold more likely to be internalized by immune cells when compared directly to their flexible counterparts in vitro.
Following translocation through the epithelium, AIEC bacteria could be internalized into immune cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells, which are able to release inflammatory mediators such as TNF- α that can drive functional alterations of the mucosal barrier and lead to general mucosal permeability defects [ 100].
"Just because someone is realizing that they are or might be bisexual does not mean that they are immune from having internalized all of the tropes and myths about it," Corinna said.
In contrast, small soluble immune complexes are internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, where clathrin-coated pits pinch off from the plasma membrane to form endosomes.
B cells and antigen-presenting cells express a group of intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize nucleic acids and can be accessed only when apoptotic debris or immune complexes are internalized by B-cell receptors or Fc receptors.
Exposure in infectious disease also can refer to events after a foreign antigen is internalized and processed for presentation to the immune system, often measured serologically (e.g., through antibodies).
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