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They dispense with the internal reference solution by using a polymeric membrane that is directly coated onto the internal reference electrode.
To overcome the aforementioned difficulties in PVC membrane electrodes, new kinds of all solid- state ones (without internal reference solution) allowing electrode miniaturization capability were introduced.
The effect of the amount of nanoparticles, the type and quantity of plasticiser and the concentration of the internal reference solution were assessed in order to have a sensor with best sensor performance.
The enhanced potentiometric properties of newly synthesized tweezer-type dithiocarbamoyl containing ionophores have been further improved by employing silver ion complexing reagent in the internal reference solution, which resulted in greatly reduced detection limit (∼100 ppt) for the electrodes based on them.
Designing a novel ligand material for the target analyte and managing the composition of the internal reference solution have been the strategies employed here to produce for the first time a potentiometric-based direct reading method for an environmental drug contaminant.
Laboratory made electrode bodies were used, which consisted of a glass tube, to which the polyethylene tube is attached at one end and filled with internal reference solution (equal volumes of 1 × 10-2 M aqueous solution of MOX and KCl).
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Accurate-mass internal mass calibration was performed automatically using a dual-nebulizer ion source combined with an automated calibrant delivery system, which introduced continuously the internal reference ion solution at approximately 50 µL min−1, the reference ion masses were 119.0363 and 1033.9881 m/ z in negative mode; 121.0508 and 922.0097 m/ z in positive mode.
The internal reference electrode and reference solution are separated from the analyte solution by a membrane that is chosen to respond to the analyte.
In the present case, glass electrodes are double-walled, so that the liquid internal reference system consisting of reference solution and reference element can be placed.
NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-400 or DRX-500 spectrometer and calibrated using residual solvent peaks as internal reference, for example CDCl3 solutions.
An internal reference electrode dips into a reference solution containing the assayed species and constant concentrations of the species to which the internal electrode responds.
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