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We collected effect sizes for both external and internal outcomes.
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Model linking FWPs to external and internal outcomes.
Open image in new window Fig. 4 Model linking FWPs to internal outcomes.
Results for the direct effects of FWPs on internal outcomes are presented in Table 3.
Figure 1 summarizes the prior hypothesized relationships of FWPs with external and internal outcomes.
Firstly, we explored bivariate relationships between FWPs and external and internal outcomes by performing a quantitative review.
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This research focuses on morbidity-mortality reviews and internal outcome focus studies.
Sadly, whatever the internal outcome at Old Trafford, it serves as another reminder that racism in the game will remain a prevalent issue for years to come.
Two studies were considered to have internal outcome and exposure biases, because of the way the exposure or the outcome measures were used in the analysis [23], [24].
Further, items applicable only to field studies or studies in which internal outcome validation was conducted were not useful due to the very small number of such studies.
Through a study of quality practices in 418 manufacturing plants from multiple industries, we empirically demonstrate that both design and process management efforts have an equal positive impact on internal quality outcomes such as scrap, rework, defects, performance, and external quality outcomes such as complaints, warranty, litigation, market share.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com