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This research focuses on morbidity-mortality reviews and internal outcome focus studies.
Two studies were considered to have internal outcome and exposure biases, because of the way the exposure or the outcome measures were used in the analysis [23], [24].
Further, items applicable only to field studies or studies in which internal outcome validation was conducted were not useful due to the very small number of such studies.
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We collected effect sizes for both external and internal outcomes.
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Model linking FWPs to external and internal outcomes.
Open image in new window Fig. 4 Model linking FWPs to internal outcomes.
Results for the direct effects of FWPs on internal outcomes are presented in Table 3.
Figure 1 summarizes the prior hypothesized relationships of FWPs with external and internal outcomes.
Firstly, we explored bivariate relationships between FWPs and external and internal outcomes by performing a quantitative review.
To investigate the external and internal outcomes independently, we conducted two separate MASEMs, which are in the following referred to as external model and internal model.
The internal outcomes perceived autonomy and organizational commitment are also positively affected by FWPs whereby FWPs have a negative relationship with turnover intention.
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