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This could be achieved by means of internal inverse models of the biophysics of the moving limbs, embedded in neural networks [16] [18] (Figure 1A).
Furthermore, some studies proposed that the cerebellum computes the inverse dynamics (internal inverse model) whereas others suggested that it computes sensorimotor predictions (internal forward model).
Briefly, during an overt arm reaching movement, an internal inverse model would transform the desired action into a suitable motor command sent to the muscles.
Iacoboni [5] proposes that observational learning is supported by internal (inverse and forward) models that dynamically link visual and motor processes to support the observation and imitation of new behavior.
The global superiority of HGF over HGP suggested that learned information for this specific motor activity could be stored as internal inverse model and encoded in force coordinates as suggested by Krakauer [17].
This circuit, by means of its structure formed of two short and parallel feedback loops, one of which containing a predictor, computes an approximate internal inverse model of the direct biophysical function of the limb.
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We could also discuss these results with respect to different internal representation stages of motor knowledge, which evolve from children to adults (creation of internal representation-internal inverse models [18] or generalized motor plan- or adjustment of this knowledge).
In computational motor control several studies have investigated internal models (inverse, forward) by manipulating mechanical constraints.
An inverse internal loop airlift-driven fibrous bed bioreactor (ALFBB) was designed by combining the advantages of an internal loop airlift bioreactor and packed bed bioreactor into one column.
After crosslinking PTEPM microdomains by sol-gel process and dispersing in solvents, a series of organic/inorganic polymeric nanoobjects, including two types of nanofibers with inverse internal structure and one novel kind of nanoplates, were produced.
The influence of baffle clearance design on the liquid circulating velocity, gas holdup and pressure drop in a two riser rectangular airlift reactor with inverse internal loop and expanded gas liquid separator was investigated using water and mineralized CMC solutions covering a range of effective viscosity from 0.02 to 0.5 Pa s and surface tension from 0.065 to 0.085 N/m.
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