Eutrophication and acidification are two of the main management problems in lakes, which in principle can be controlled by (1) the reduction of external load and (2) lake-internal ecological processes and structures.
Survey methods rely on self-report, which has been critiqued on various grounds including limited internal and ecological validity (Podsakoff and Organ [1986]; Stone et al. [1999]).
The use of a microworld represents the best compromise between internal and ecological validities; it provides a high degree of experimental control while allowing the re-creation of displays and scenarios that are functionally comparable to those encountered in real C2 operations (Brehmer & Dörner, 1993; Elliot et al., 2004).
Each archetype is shaped by characteristic external drivers, exhibits characteristic internal social-ecological features, and has characteristic feedbacks that maintain it.
A scientifically based steam locomotive had to be a machine that took into account not just its own, streamlined internal workings, but ecological, social and economic concerns, too.
Model analysis will be challenging, but robustness analysis, which tries to break models' explanations, can help to tell signals from noise and identify general mechanisms underlying the internal organization of ecological systems.
15 Most evidence for the lack of an association between EMF exposure and non-specific physical symptoms is derived from short-term provocation studies in the laboratory, which have been criticised because of their lack of internal and external (ecological) validity.
Under present arrangements, evaluation of interventions such as PAS will be undermined by a recurring recruitment bias caused by lack of an accessible sample frame, and evaluations will be limited to internal evaluations or ecological-level analyses of routine population data.
It demonstrated high internal reliability, predictive, and ecological validity in both children and adults.
The SES-based framework advances previous theory, which usually focuses on natural resources and their supply, by introducing a production process (with inputs and outputs), internal business dynamics and ecological variable interactions.
The standard IFM connectivity measure is modified to account for the influence of the surrounding landscape matrix on edge impacts (through a weighted internal edge buffer) and ecological isolation (through an assessment of least-cost distance to account for landscape permeability).
