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The research on the observed internal contribution is necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of Dst index variation.
For the actual magnetic observations, the internal contribution is less than that in the idealized case, but it is still remarkable and deserves careful investigation.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine whether any differences in internal contribution to the Dst index occur in geomagnetic storms with different intensities.
Our results of internal contribution divergence among KAK, HON, and SJG stations are mostly coincident with the lateral inhomogeneity of conductivity distribution under these stations.
Due to differences in the internal contribution ratio among stations, the internal induced and external source field separation could be an essential procedure for each geomagnetic observatory when using surface geomagnetic observations to research the distribution of magnetospheric current systems.
This situation of HER is similar to that reported by Häkkinen et al. (2002), in which the internal contribution is very small in the storm main phase but is larger and nearly remains constant in the recovery phase.
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The collector is visualized as a heat exchanger, and the study concentrates on minimizing the internal contributions of irreversibility.
The upper panel illustrates the horizontal field (B θ ) and the internal and external part (B i, B e ) of each station; the lower panel shows the related internal contributions (R i = B i /B θ ).
Therefore, the remarkable lateral conductivity discrepancy in the upper mantle region and local conductivity differences due to ocean induction created the differences in internal contributions among these Dst stations.
In addition, we co-estimate the static external field B e upto n=2 in the solar magnetic reference frame and assume a time-dependent component of degree n=1 parameterized by the D st index split into its external and internal contributions (Maus and Weidelt 2004; Olsen et al. 2006); consult http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/geomag/est_ist.html for the provisional indices.
Coexisting slow and fast charge transfer processes were reported for wide-bandgap materials and analyzed theoretically by Reschikov et al. in [16 18], where it was proposed that the fast and slow components arise due to both internal contributions (related to surface/interface states) and external phenomena (related to the ambient environment).
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