Exact(1)
Accordingly, even if the intermediate valley seems endless because you are fighting "against the tide", be assured of the beauty of the coming landscape beyond, in the kingdom of mainstream science.
Similar(57)
As a simple example, we consider a fitness landscape where we add deleterious intermediates u0 and v0 (each occurring at rate μ0 and leading to fitness cost δ i ) to the uphill and valley-crossing branches respectively, so that we now have competition between a single-intermediate valley and a two-intermediate valley.
In the example above, for instance, there would be an entropy peak approximately proportional to N μ, and in general, we could expect entropy peaks at points approximately proportional to N μ n for (n−1 -intermediate valleys.
This leads to a decline in the size of the wild-type background on which intermediate and valley-crossing mutants can arise, and a corresponding increase in the mean fitness of the population.
The volcanic sequence along the study area permits the division of three regions: main valley, intermediate zone and south hinge, each of them with distinct stratigraphy, which probably reflects the structural evolution of the syncline.
Specifically, we consider a haploid asexual population of constant size N which can either acquire an uphill mutation (u) that confers an immediate fitness advantage s u, or alternatively acquire a deleterious fitness valley intermediate (i) with fitness deficit δ i on which background a double-mutant (v) with fitness s v > s u can arise.
In the Discussion, we consider how this model can be extended to the situation where there are many different competing uphill paths and valleys, and to broader fitness valleys involving multiple intermediate genotypes.
For CO oxidation, the alloy catalysts show non-monotonic temperature dependence showing a valley in the intermediate temperature range.
Perhaps gradual selection did not favor mimicry in Proserpinus because lowered fitness of intermediate phenotypes (akin to a valley on the adaptive landscape [20], [21] limited selection in that direction; although there may be some survival benefit for poor mimics, rapid, drastic change (saltation) to a close mimic is more likely [19].
Finally, we describe how our analysis can be generalized to predict how evolution will choose among even more complex trajectories, such as broad fitness valleys with multiple intermediate genotypes, and we discuss evolution in genotype spaces with many possible evolutionary paths.
A road-valley generates turbulence in an intermediate regime.
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