Moreover, even if F2RL3 methylation is not a direct causal intermediate between smoking and disease, it may serve as an accurate marker of cumulative internal dose and, consequently, smoking-associated disease risk.
In addition, we evaluated the change in estimates when including intermediate variables: smoking, alcohol intake, parity, preterm delivery, social support, mode of delivery, BMI, preterm delivery and depression prior to pregnancy.
The outcomes considered were primarily health indicators reflecting the intermediate consequences of smoking rather than disease states.
However those for current/ever smoking are intermediate between those specifically for ever smoking (Table 5) and those specifically for current smoking (Table 8).
Results for the intermediate outcomes pertaining to smoking and diet habits show a deterioration over time, with the number of smokers and obese patients slightly increasing in the span of 8 years.
Variables' entry into the multivariate models was determined on the hierarchical causality theoretical model, including first the distal characteristics (age, sex, color/race, schooling, income and marital status) and then the intermediate characteristics (chronic diseases, smoking, BMI and common mental disorders).
The RRs are intermediate between those for ever smoking (Table 5) and those for current smoking (Table 7).
Figure 5A shows that never smoking women with intermediate AMD and AMD-GA had ~3 times higher prevalence of AAbs than never smoking men.
Health indicators that reflect intermediate health outcomes due to smoking, such as restriction of activities or use of health services, have rarely been emphasized.
All subjects in the SRI will be warned to bear in mind that an attempt to reduce smoking is an intermediate step before complete cessation.
We extracted both estimates to assess whether relevant confounders (such as smoking, age) and intermediate variables (such as LDL cholesterol, blood pressure) were captured in the statistical models.
