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One important property of our study is the focus on an intermediate quantitative trait, lymphocyte counts, which is associated with asthma in the Hutterites (25).
Biomarker levels can be used as intermediate quantitative trait phenotypes when investigating association between dose response relationship and individual exposure that may affect toxicity and disease outcomes.
Recently, researchers started to explore intermediate quantitative traits (QTs), such as clinical or cognitive features, biochemical assays, or neuroimaging biomarkers, in genetic association testing.
Nickerson's central message was again the need for strategies to circumvent the locus heterogeneity, including the use of isolates, families with extreme phenotypes, trait or disease subgroups, or intermediate quantitative traits.
Going forward, it will be important to apply this approach to a variety of intermediate quantitative phenotypes relevant to asthma and other diseases sharing a dependence on lymphocytes for their pathogenesis.
One goal of imaging genetics is to identify genetic risk factors and/or imaging biomarkers via intermediate quantitative traits (QTs, e.g. cognitive memory scores used in this article) on the chain from gene to brain to symptom.
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Subsequent Zemplen's deprotection of the benzoate protecting groups produced the azide intermediate in quantitative yields.
Dental diversity is an intermediate case; quantitative elaboration takes the form of gain or loss of discrete units.
Subsequent sequential removal of the silyl group with TBAF and Zemplen's deprotection of the benzoate protecting groups produced the azide intermediate in quantitative yields after purification by flash chromatography.
Reliability between readers in the use of these methods is modest for BI-RADS (κ ~ 0.6) [ 17], intermediate for quantitative estimation by a radiologist (intraclass correlation coefficient ~0.7) [ 15] and good for Cumulus (intraclass correlation coefficient ~0.9 or greater) [ 2].
However, quantitative intermediate species profiles at low- to moderate-temperature (LMT) conditions remain scarce.
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