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The International Normalized Ratio INRR) is used as intermediate outcome for the quality of care.
Adherence is defined as the extent to which the patient's behaviour coincides with medical or health advice [ 3] and constitutes a crucial intermediate outcome for most mental disorders.
A 4 week delay was also chosen as it is not yet certain whether culture status at 8 weeks is an appropriate intermediate outcome for long-term relapse, and observing it after 4 weeks may be more suitable.
Further work is needed to determine the best intermediate outcome for long-term relapse before the MAMS design described here can be used to evaluate TB treatments in a seamless phase II/III trial.
9 10 Although this suggests that bone density may be considered as an intermediate outcome for monitoring treatment effects at a population level, more evidence is needed before we can decide whether it should be used for monitoring treatment effects at an individual level.
30 An outcome was consequently classified as a surrogate if it was a biomarker 12 (for example, low density lipoprotein cholesterol level) or an intermediate outcome (for example, progression-free survival) 13 31 judged to be a substitute for a final outcome.
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We also looked at intermediate outcomes for evidence of additional impact.
Nevertheless it is essential to monitor the ethnic disparities in intermediate outcomes for diabetes over time [ 29].
There is an additional suggestion that ALS care might improve intermediate outcomes (for example, selected physiologic parameters), and this in turn is associated with improved survival [ 10].
In summary, despite the implementation of a highly innovative PCMH, we observed racial differences in both processes of care and intermediate outcomes for patients with diabetes.
Rather than directly rewarding improved patient outcomes, these schemes generally provide incentives to doctors for improving processes of care (for example, blood pressure checks for patients with hypertension) and intermediate outcomes (for example, cholesterol control in people with diabetes).
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