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Second language follows the same pattern of learning as the first language follows: preproduction (the learner only listens), early production (can use short language chunks), speech emergence (they try to initiate short conversation with friends), intermediate fluency and advanced fluency (the students are nearly-native in their ability) (Urlaub et al.2010).2010
Although positive affect expression has been related to left frontal processing (see Demaree, [5]; see also [16]) along with systems producing fluent speech output (for review see [17]), the anatomically distant and associatively far-field affective architecture within the right hemisphere ([19, 25, 26]; see also [18]) may contribute to the intermediate fluency effect.
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Please indicate the level (beginner, intermediate, advanced, near-native fluency, heritage speaker – language spoken at home, native speaker), and semesters taken at JHU or previous undergrad institution, if applicable.
Third-Year Japanese I & II: Focuses on accuracy and fluency in intermediate-level spoken and written communication.
Designed for native and non-native Spanish-speaking students who have oral fluency beyond the intermediate level but have had no formal language training.
While my students were at an intermediate to advanced level of fluency in English, their written work required a great deal of editing before it could be published.
The majority of respondents (89.2%) held a university degree and had an English fluency level they considered upper-intermediate (n = 34, 91.9%).
Courses numbered SPAN 110 199 include beginning and intermediate language courses designed to help students develop fluency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Spanish.
Task-related heart-rate changes (mean over 15…30 s of the task period) were tested with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for dependence on factors 'task' (levels: weekday recitation, verbal fluency, hand motor) and 'heart-rate group' (small, intermediate, large).
Respect to the handling of the Wiki, the vast majority believes that this tool is easy to use and to add contents to it (25%% intermediate, 38%% high, and 31%% very high) which was reflected in the fluency work and the few technical difficulties.
In this way, evaluations at the intermediate level or lower levels will be made according to the dimensions of fluency and accuracy.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com