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Data collected over the last 12 years show a medical effective dose per caput of three ranges: low exposure in the UK, the Netherlands and Sweden (0.4 0.75 mSv/year), intermediate exposure in Norway and Switzerland (1.1 mSv/y), and higher exposure in Luxemburg, Belgium and Germany (1.8 2.0 mSv/year).
Secondly, our approach dissected out specific versus nonspecific responses to NO· and reactive nitrogen intermediate exposure.
The high and intermediate exposure zones were later combined in the models because of their similarity of effects.
With the exception of a non-significant O.R. for febrile illness there was no increased reporting of symptoms at intermediate exposure but an increase at high exposure.
Modest exposure effects (OR ≈ 1.1) were generally noted in intermediate exposure categories (45 -64 dB(A)), and with no obvious trend.
Studies addressing preterm birth reported elevated risks for intermediate exposure categories only (Fei et al. 2007) or no association (Hamm et al. 2009; Stein et al. 2009).
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In some cases, the relationship between exposure and outcome may be U-shaped (when plotted as a graph), with high risk at both extremes of exposure and lower risk at intermediate exposures.
For the intermediate exposures (between 1 and 2 h), the magnitude of cell-death-causing pressure strongly depends on the time of exposure, i.e., critical pressure levels drop from 32 to 9 kPa.
Phosphorylated ERK (P-ERK1/2) increased at intermediate exposures (100 and 250 μ M), relative to control, but was reduced by higher concentrations of BA.
Infection by the microsporidian increased the mortality in particular at intermediate exposures (Table 1): from 4%to28%8% after 45 min of exposure and from 18%to54%4% after 90 min of exposure.
The intermediate-exposure category consisted of the remaining exposure combinations.
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