"Importantly, we are directly predicting actual skin color divided into five subtypes — very pale, pale, intermediate, dark and dark to black – using DNA markers from the genes that determine an individual's skin coloration.
In each case a radical bleached intermediate ("dark") state is formed (BS* & BT*) at the expense of a nearby molecule (X), which is radicalized.
In addition to striking variations like melanic and non-melanic morphs, there are local color races among mammals with a gradational series of pale, intermediate, and dark colored-races on pale, intermediate, and dark-colored background types [8].
(a) Plume mapping process: different shadings represent steps (light gray), analyses within steps (white), intermediate outputs (dark gray), and final outputs (black) (modified from Álvarez-Romero et al. 2013).
The predicted vitamin D concentration ratio for individuals with intermediate and dark pigmentation compared to lightly pigmented individuals in this study was approximately 1/√2 and 1/√3, respectively, given no additional vitamin D intake and a similar body mass index.
Age, skin color (rated as light, intermediate or dark), and physical feature information were obtained by direct observation of the body.
Further, cFR grown plants have a phenotype that is an intermediate between dark and cR grown plants [ 71] and cFR induces a PHYA-dependent growth pattern essential for soil emerging seeds or seedling survival in conditions of deep canopy shade which are characterized by reduced ratios of R FR [ 72].
Consistent with this, dark-grown pif3 mutants accumulate double the wild-type level of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), a late chlorophyll intermediate, in the dark (Shin et al, 2009).
This analysis involved construction of a non-linear model relating skin pigmentation (ordinal scale 2 = light, 1 = intermediate, 0 = dark), gender (nominal F/M), age (yrs), height (in), weight (lbs), and vitamin D daily dose (IU) to the observed serum vitamin D concentration obtained at the first blood draw.
Based upon these criteria, in addition to myoepithelial cells, three types of epithelial cells were identified: light cells, intermediate cells, and dark cells [ 30, 31].
Theorists are still trying to understand how this structure evolved, figuring that there must have been a kind of early intermediate stage when tiny dark matter clumps formed, grew, pulled in stars and other visible matter and finally became the giant masses we see today.
