A similar mechanism probably operates in cestodes (largely of the order Pseudophyllidea) whose life cycles involve aquatic intermediate hosts or definitive hosts, such as birds or fish.
Aquatic amphibians (e.g. R. vaillanti) may be particularly prone to experiencing increases in parasitism in agricultural habitats due to the positive relationship between many aquatic intermediate hosts and water quality changes associated with agricultural land use.
Intermediate divergence of aquatic cyclic parthenogens is likely more common than previously thought.
Our results also demonstrated that reproductive modes for semi-terrestrial tadpoles were not necessarily an intermediate form between aquatic and terrestrial breeds.
This situation is intermediate between strictly aquatic organisms, whose genetic diversity has been more conditioned by river basins [ 1], and highly mobile semi-aquatic mammals, such as the Eurasian otter, whose genetic diversity is totally unrelated to river basins [ 86].
We propose that predation may have facilitated the rapid divergence between D. parvula and D. retrocurva and that intermediate divergence of aquatic cyclic parthenogens is likely more common than previously thought.
NO2− is considered to be a short-lived intermediate molecule in the aquatic environment [42].
The schistosomes have complex developmental cycles that have evolved to include adaptation to free-swimming aquatic environment, intermediate host snail in an aquatic environment and warm-blooded mammalian host environment.
When the eggs are discharged in water they liberate the larvae (miracidium) which infect the intermediate host (some species of aquatic snails) where they mature to secondary larvae (cercariae).
Like some other digenean trematodes, the F. magna life cycle includes two hosts, aquatic snails as intermediate hosts and ruminants as definitive hosts.
