Full Bayesian statistics may be able to account for problems of multiplicity due to interim analyses, multiple outcomes, or comparisons of the same outcome at multiple times [ 57- 59].
Interim analyses (multiple stages) are usually built-in to terminate futile treatments.
Since there are concerns about safety, multiple interim comparisons over time between treatment groups are called for which, in conjunction with the use of multiple outcomes, require an extension of statistical methodology to meet this requirement.
To account for multiple interim analyses, the significance threshold required at the final analysis was P =.036.Qualifying previous MIs occurred a median of 4.6 years before enrollment.
The Drosophila genome-sequencing effort resulted in two key findings: (i) that the assembly algorithms could generate chromosome assemblies with highly accurate order and orientation with substantially less than 10-fold coverage, and (ii) that undertaking multiple interim assemblies in place of one comprehensive final assembly was not of value.
For morbidity data, see Figure 5. *After correction for multiple interim analyses, adjusted P = 0.036.
At the hypothesised level of 18% vs 8% and with the α adjusted for multiple interim looks, power with 200 participants per group is 90%.
66 However, Meduri et al did not specify sample-size goals or stopping rules, did not utilize alpha spending for multiple interim analyses, and allowed crossover of placebo "nonresponders" to corticosteroids after 9 days.
Multiple interim sacrifices together with recovery animals allowed detailed assessment of the lung burden of RCF, which was found to be dose related and, at the high doses, exceeded 10 5) fibers/mg of dry lung.
We imputed missing values for all baseline and interim exposure variables using multiple imputation (N = 5).
