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In such cases, a plausible criterion for crack growth is that the tensile stress on the interface ahead of the crack should reach the strength of the interface bonds.
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The findings taken in toto show that oxygen enhancement of crack growth is the result of the formation of a brittle film of surface oxides along grain boundaries and interfaces ahead of the crack tip by the preferential oxidation of Nb, Ti and Al in the Nb-rich carbides and Ni3Al, Ni3Ti and Ni3Nb (in Inconel 718) precipitates.
It was observed that crack deflection occurred by the growth of interface defects ahead of the growing primary crack.
Two strength-based criteria incorporating dynamic fracture mechanics analysis are proposed to predict the initiation location of interface debonding ahead of a dynamic incident crack.
Interface failure ahead of the crack tip and its influence on the local stress intensity factor is believed to be responsible for the decrease in the shielding effect of low strength interfaces.
Anticipation of conditions ahead of the tool before they are encountered enables discrimination of the approach to the critical endosteal membrane interface before it is reached.
Its user interface is miles ahead of the iPod's, and, with a little forethought, can be used rather effectively with a dual-booting Mac.
Home promised an interface that put friends ahead of apps.
While damage extended widely ahead the interface and beneath the tool tip in the case of GFRP, damage was located in a much smaller zone in the case CFRP.
The combination of touch screen and key stroke makes for an interesting experience, and the graphics and interface are a generation ahead of the ever reliable but archaic interface of the last 5 Nokia's I have owned.
Netflix says it's also exploring other ways to make information about ratings more descriptive and easier for users to understand at a glance – which could signal more user interface tweaks are still ahead.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com