For inhibition experiments using whole cell lysates, total PTP activities of lysates from cells expressing the PTP of interest were measured using pNPP as described above.
The densities of the bands corresponding to the proteins of interest were measured using a software package (Quantity One, Versadoc; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
The preferred method for future training and training topics of interest were measured using a "check all that apply" type list designed for this study based on tobacco activities suggested in the Guideline [ 8].
Relevant for future research is our finding in Study 3 that the power to detect genetic variants improves if the trait of interest is measured using phenotypic instruments that resolve individual differences in those subpopulations, where the genotypic variance is assumed to be largest.
Quantitatively, plane with the maximal artifact was determined, and region of interest was measured using Advantage Workstation (GE Healthcare, Japan) (Fig. 1).
The surface area of the region of interest was measured using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and multiplied by the thickness of the slice.
The pixel density of a 1 μm region of interest was measured using the raw data from the 'plot profile' function of imageJ.
Relative mRNA abundance of selected genes of interest was measured using an iQ5™ Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad) and iQ™ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad).
One potential solution is to use experimentally determined evolutionary models, in which rates of each mutation type and site-specific selection pressures for the gene of interest are measured using appropriate laboratory assays including deep sequencing [ 47].
Brain sections were exposed to a Kodak® BioMax MR film (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) for 3 8 days, and optical density for the area of interest was measured using an image analysis software MCID-M4, ver 3.0, rev.1.5 (Interfocus Imaging Ltd ,Cambridge, UK).
Both the reference gene and the gene of interest are measured using real-time PCR which simplifies the normalization, particularly if the number of amplification cycles during the PCR reaction is similar for the reference gene and the gene of interest.
