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Rail's share of intercity freight had slumped to 35% from 75% in the 1920s.
Growth has been rapid since 1950, when pipelines were a negligible factor in intercity freight traffic.
In both Europe and the United States, large-diameter capsule pipelines (mostly PCPs) have been proposed for intercity freight transport in the 21st century.
However, in terms of dollars spent for intercity freight transportation, trucks received 81 percent; rails, 11 percent; and the others 2 or 3 percent apiece.
Because of a well-developed system of roads and highways in North America and Europe, trucks have come to carry most intercity freight, with the exception of bulk materials such as ores, which are typically still carried by ship and rail, and time-critical deliveries, which are usually carried between cities by air.
In terms of ton-miles (one ton carried one mile equals one ton-mile) of intercity freight within the United States, in the early 1990s, about 37 percent moved by rail; 25 percent by truck; 21 percent by oil pipelines; 16 percent by water; and less than 1 percent by air.
Similar(53)
Forkenbrock estimated these external costs in 0.55 cent per tkm, equal to 13.2% of the private operating cost of intercity road freight transportation [47, 48].
The infrastructure is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration and the line is also used by intercity and freight trains.
Traditionally, the only railway west of Oslo was the Drammen Line, which has limited capacity, and a mix of local, regional, intercity and freight trains.
The only railway west of Oslo has been the Drammen Line, which has limited capacity, and a mix of local, regional, intercity and freight trains.
Previously, the only railway west of Oslo was the Drammen Line, which has limited capacity and is used by a mix of local, regional, intercity and freight trains.
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