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(F) Hyphal net depicting the cellular structure of the root epidermis displaying intercellular colonization (4 dpi).
Intercellular colonization was evident with the vast majority of the images of the hyphal net depicting the cellular structure of the root epidermis (Fig. 2F).
Poonguzhali et al. [ 41] observed intercellular colonization in tomato roots by M. suomiense CBMB120, but not in rice.
This is consistent with a primarily intercellular colonization pattern of host apical meristems [ 81], though it raises questions about how appressorium penetration is accomplished.
Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobia are the natural endophytes of the African wild rice Oryza breviligulata while the intercellular colonization and growth-promoting effects of a Methylobacterium species was observed in common rice although the latter was believed to result from phytohormone secretion by the bacterium [ 33, 34].
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These updates further advance V. fischeri as an important model for understanding intercellular communication and colonization of animal tissue.
Colonization of intercellular spaces between the epidermis and the cortex, and of the outermost layers of the cortex of inoculated roots is frequently observed (Patriquin et al. 1983; Mostajeran et al. 2007).
Growth of fungi as multicellular structures consisting of somatic and reproductive cells a feature independently evolved in animals and plants —has several functions, including the development of fruit bodies for dissemination of sexual spores (see above) and biofilms for substrate colonization and intercellular communication.
Colonization involves intercellular mycelial growth and the differentiation of haustoria, which penetrate parenchyma cells by invaginating but not breaking the plasma membrane [ 4].
The pattern of stem colonization contrasted with root colonization whereby the intercellular spaces of the stem cortex were inhabited by single cell or cluster of cells [ 59].
This contrasts with our system where colonization of lateral roots was visible within 15 days but intercellular growth within the cortex was first observed at 30 days.
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