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Data was collected through negotiated interactive observation, and interviews were conducted with 10 participants, 5 physicians and 5 patients.
Data were collected through negotiated interactive observation, in-depth interviews with healthcare professionals, from patients' medical records, and by making notes in a logbook.
Consequently, negotiated interactive observation gave the researcher the opportunity to have 432 informal conversations with healthcare professionals and family members, attend 144 staff meetings and witness 288 interactions between healthcare professionals and relatives during visiting hours.
Therefore an ethnographic research design was used, consisting of negotiated interactive observation [ 25, 26], in-depth interviews [ 27], the reading of patients' medical records, and making notes in a logbook [ 27, 28].
Therefore 'negotiated interactive observation' was chosen, meaning that the researchers' observations went hand in hand with an implicit or explicit negotiation of them with the research participants [ 25, 26].
During data collection, GK conducted what Wind [ 14] terms "negotiated interactive observation", where she sought to retain her role as researcher rather than seeking to take on the role of physician, patient or visitor.
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With respect to the negotiated interactive observations in the consultation room and when following cases through the health facilities, it was expected that health-care professionals might change their behaviour due to the presence of researchers in the consultation room.
The study was a cluster randomized control and multi-methods intervention trial involving; baseline and post-intervention hand hygiene observations, interactive educational activities using a novel hand hygiene training aids 'Glo-Yo' and mobile learning technology, and questionnaires and interviews.
This approach provided the ability to investigate global transcript expression within an intact symbiotic relationship between coral and zooxanthellae and thus enable the observation of interactive metabolism among species.
The paper also provides an in-depth observation in the interactive influence of the adjacent cutouts on the optimal shapes.
It was thus apparent that Skehan and his colleagues' (Foster and Skehan 1996; Skehan and Foster 1997) observation that more interactive tasks lead to more complex language performance did not find support in the Bygate and Michel et al. (2007) studies.
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