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This is because in a larger geographic range the environment is likely to be more heterogeneous, with differences in, for example, climate, local abundance of host plants, or interactions with competitors or parasites.
Given that the size-structure of algal populations will influence interactions with competitors and herbivores, we encourage future studies incorporating the colony growth measurement technique described in this study to quantify how growth rate varies both within and across species under a variety of environmental conditions.
Survival differences between species in the same river system could be the result of many possible factors, including smolt physiology (e.g. overall health, sensitivity to environmental properties) and ecosystem niche (e.g. migration timing, use of habitat, interactions with competitors and predators).
These studies attempt to encompass within a single quantitative framework (signal detection theory and its intellectual heirs) a rich array of well defined cognitive factors that influence choice, including but not restricted to sensory evidence, prior probabilities, reward value, and strategic interactions with competitors.
Local adaptation by means of natural selection affects both the interaction with the abiotic environment, such as soil, temperature or photoperiod, as well as biotic interactions with competitors, pathogens and pollinators [ 4].
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We cannot discount the formal possibility that the mating advantage is due to a direct interaction with competitors, perhaps by blocking them physically or interfering with their pheromone signals.
Moreover, interactions with strong competitors are minimized, as they are mediated by either noncompetitive units of replication (which dilute the latter) or nonviable sequences.
Our model is in line with these experimental observations, as it predicts that in the presence of IL-2 extracellular feedback, strongly activated cells will benefit from interactions with average competitors, while cells that are weakly activated will suffer from such interaction.
When companies use one set of books those legislative guidelines can influence divisional efficiency, organizational structure, internal coordination, as well as strategic interaction with market competitors.
The role of parasites can be critical in biological invasions because they can affect the proliferation of an invader and its interaction with native competitors, shifting competitive dominance from one species to another [19], [20].
And it's also bad news for the food supply: Smaller sizes and altered breeding schedules could decrease species' abundance, hinder their ability to recover from exploitation, and ripple through ecosystems by altering interactions with predators and competitors.
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