Yet, few studies have addressed the complexity and nonlinearity of the anthropogenic stresses on runoff or their interaction with climate.
A state's internal fragility on the other hand seems to have a direct effect on emigration, but no significant interaction with climate change.
By using a sample of data on railway bridges in the UK, this paper explores uncertainty associated with raw data used in bridge scour risk assessments for bridge stocks and its interaction with climate change uncertainty.
Many studies have investigated the role of climate variables (precipitations, temperature) in its occurrence and growth, but few have taken the effect of local site conditions into account, nor their interaction with climate.
Dynamic vegetation models are useful tools for analysing terrestrial ecosystem processes and their interactions with climate through variations in carbon and water exchange.
Because of such widespread human perturbations of natural systems, it is not meaningful anymore to study freshwater systems and their interactions with climate without considering human activities (Oki and Kanae 2006).
Finally, we were able to discover meaningful functional networks that were spatially and temporally differentiated with the particular mechanisms varying from trophic associations through interactions with climate and commercial fisheries.
Yet the extent of the damage to ecological processes and functions of the Namib, the interactions with climate change and the mechanisms through which the impacts will occur are still not well known.
Industrial-scale forest degradation and conversion are increasing fire occurrence, and interactions with climate anomalies such as El Niño induced droughts can magnify the extent and severity of fire activity.
In recent decades, research on land-use/land-cover change has become an important aspect of global change, or global warming studies, since land-use/land-cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and, even more important, human activities (L'opez et al., 2001; Aguilar et al., 2003).
However, quantifying the magnitude of soil erosion and its interactions with climate, hydrological processes, and fire occurrences across a large region (>10,000 km2) is challenging because of the large computational requirements needed to capture the fine-scale complexities of the land surface that govern erosion.
