Furthermore, any epistatic interactions with background alleles outside the congenic region are undetectable.
Although this does not rule out the existence of a genetic modifier effect in humans, it suggests that variability observed between individuals is explained by a factor other than interactions with background genes.
This demonstrates that the genetic background is not a determining factor of the phenotype in Shank3-deficient mice and that the variability observed between individual mice, even in different cohorts from the same strains (Bozdagi et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012; present study), is not explained by interactions with background genes.
These results confirm the basic results and suggest that while background has an effect on this gene, there is no statistical interaction with that background.
SMS wave damping in the magnetosphere is caused by their resonant interaction with the background plasma particles.
Another source of global heating and cooling in the mesopause region is due to dissipating gravity waves and their interaction with the background atmosphere (Smith 2012).
The main difference between the two is that slow magnetosonic waves dissipate strongly due to their interaction with the background plasma ions, whose temperature is above the electron temperature.
The energy source driving the auroral signatures is not fully understood but must require field aligned electric fields that accelerate elections at the feet of the flux tubes of Io and Europa, bodies that interact directly with the incident plasma, and at the foot of the flux tube of Ganymede, a body that is shielded from direct interaction with the background plasma by its magnetospheric cavity.
Similarly, punctuated calls were influenced by the genetic background of mice (Fig. 7a; main effect of genotype, F [1,103] = 48.6, P<0.0001), but not by the sex of mice or its interaction with genetic background (P>0.05 for both factors, as reported above).
