It's time for a change in the interaction between unions, the government and employers.
However when only the interaction of union and occupation is used as instruments and both union and occupations are controlled for in the second stage (columns 2 of Table 5), the estimates become very imprecise and unstable.
To test for any additional effect of union type by education on second birth risks, I include an interaction between union status and educational level.
Only the interaction of union membership and occupation is significant in the earning equation showing that blue-collar workers drive the union premium.
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which governs interactions between unions and employers, has supported a petition by the United Auto Workers UAWW) union to classify some of New York University's (NYU) graduate assistants as employees.
This choice is affected by the nature of product market competition and the institutional constraints on wage and employment adjustment (especially, among the constraints, the interaction between union behaviour and the strictness of employment protection legislation).
Con Ed officials said locked-out workers had harassed some of the managers filling in for them, but Mr. Melendez and other managers said their interactions with union members had been cordial.
When using paternal union status and the interaction of paternal union status and paternal occupation as instrumental variables, the IV results strengthen the role of paternal education, but for daughters - one year of paternal education increases the probability of his daughter staying on by seven percentage points.
In other extensions to our basic model we add paternal union status, so that the identification in the IV model only comes from the interaction terms between union status and occupation.
The paternal union status dummy variable, which captures unionized white-collar fathers, has no effect on paternal earnings whereas the interaction of paternal union status and paternal blue-collar status has a positive (coefficient of around 0.2 depending on gender of the child) and statistically significant effect.
