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A strong relationship between species, such as that between a specialist predator and its prey, can cause their interaction traits to change continuously, a phenomenon known as Red Queen dynamics [4] [9].
The opportunity for selection on sexual interaction traits should vary with the frequency of these interactions.
During that time period, it appears that the decrease in mating frequency has altered the expression of a suite of sexual interaction traits.
We identified no evidence that sex has served as a significant selective pressure affecting gross-scale morphological, biochemical or herbivorous insect interaction traits expected to be diagnostic of differential resource investment and allocation strategies.
Recent theory suggests that behavioral interaction effects may strongly increase the selection coefficients of mutations influencing interaction traits; this increase in selection coefficients is in theory proportional to the number of interactions among individuals and is expected to be greater in larger colonies.
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As the number of interactions (traits) increases, it becomes difficult to simultaneously maintain each one.
This bodes well for future efforts to sequence and assemble a reference genome for this species and to identify genetic variation that correlates with host-interaction traits among Varroa strains and species.
We hypothesised that the extent to which individuals have a need to be socially accepted (trait self esteem) and are competent in social interactions (trait empathy) would predict the degree of matching.
Segregation of incompatible interaction – related traits in crosses between DiG and Col-0 may identify loci other than those encoding camalexin biosynthesis genes.
Separate models assessed the effects of trait anhedonia, and the interaction between trait anhedonia with probability level, reward magnitude and/or expected value.
1D-trait mapping ignores the trait-trait interaction completely, which is a major shortcoming.
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