But in the context of a behavioral-science experiment that randomly assigns participants to receive incidental or intentional instructions, we find this explanation to be much less plausible.
Whatever the nature of the implicit abilities underlying SOD, we would expect people with good SOD to learn better than those with poor SOD whether they receive incidental or intentional instructions.
For example, different patterns of activity have been observed when participants categorize test items following either incidental or intentional learning instructions during the study episode [6]: intentional learning results in activation of the hippocampus; by contrast incidental learning results in deactivation of the posterior occipital cortex.
We specifically examine this relationship as a function of whether people receive intentional or incidental instructions to learn the spatial properties.
If performance is more accurate after intentional than incidental instructions, one can conclude that processing the information requires conscious attention and explicit processing.
These findings offer additional justification both for intentional L2 listening strategy instruction and for increasing L2 linguistic knowledge in order to decrease L2 listening anxiety and thereby improve L2 listening proficiency.
The heuristic nature of the terminology and approach of the instructions were intentional as evidenced by prior creativity researchers when setting task parameters (Amabile 1983a, b, 1996; Baer 1997, 1998; Baer et al. 2004; Kaufman et al. 2005, 2007, 2008; Runco 1999).
With many confounding factors influencing physician decisions to honor or forego patient ADs, some have advocated that a better means of ensuring physician compliance with patient wishes is to limit legal liability to only those instances where intentional disregard for the instructions provided in the AD occurs [ 5].
This type of intentional, developmentally-appropriate plan for instruction is not easy to create, but yet, here it is, arguably one of the most sweeping education reforms in our country's history.
The present study investigated whether activation of the hMNS during the observation of artificial object movements depends more on the visual features of the movements (buttom-up), or, by manipulating the task instructions, on the intentional goal of an observer (top-down).
