Last summer, in a 2-to-1 vote, a panel of the appeals court ruled that the two men could sue government officials, including the former secretary of defense, Donald Rumsfeld, for monetary damages for intentional mistreatment, even if that conduct happened in a war zone.
Reason: A person is presumed to intend the foreseeable consequences of his intentional acts, even if he did not desire those consequences.
A second question is whether intentional states, even if they were relevant in the way Dretske says they are, deliver the kind of causal relevance we want.
This California court decision relates to a long-lasting legal debate concerning whether a mentally incapacitated individual should be held liable for intentional injuries even if unable to comprehend that the actions causing the injury were wrong.
The more thoughtful and intentional this process, even if it's slow, the better.
However, that one can, thus, ultimately, save the simple picture's core, of pleasure as an immediate momentary experience, requiring little or nothing by way of context or intentional content, is, even if true, also not obvious.
But the decision is also notable for its recognition of an important truth: that a law that makes it harder for minorities to vote can constitute intentional racial discrimination even if it might be primarily motivated by a desire to achieve partisan advantage.
In a dissenting opinion, Ms. Hubbard wrote that she found credibility in Francis Alessandro's belief that the loan was his brother's responsibility, so "his failure to disclose this liability, even if intentional, had a rational basis that does not necessarily reflect an improper motive".
But while most of the investigations found structural issues with the way the State Department handles diplomatic security, none found evidence of intentional wrongdoing and concluded that even if the recommended defenses had been deployed, they still wouldn't have arrived in time to rescue the four Americans who died.
