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The latter category included calves which were unable to adapt to the intensive milk diet or the concentrate replacer diet and were removed from the veal stables to be fattened as conventional calves.
Neutralizing respiratory viruses at the site of entry by eliciting local IgA response is crucial in young claves with a developing immune system which are subjected to an intensive milk management feeding system.
Such opportunity costs could potentially be captured with proxies such as the per hectare profit of key arable crops, grazing livestock or intensive milk production, potentially resulting in a net gain from added production value if land is brought back into production (models B and C).
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An impact on agricultural employment can be reached with all processes investigated, which is high compared with mulching, but quite low compared with labour-intensive milk production.
Holstein cattle have undergone intensive selection for milk production in recent decades, which has left genome-wide footprints of domestication.
Secondly, the entire trade in pastoral dairy products faces stiff competition from imported powdered milk and intensive, peri-urban dairy farms.
Whether it is the outright killing of animals for these so-called trophies, or for entertainment, or whether it's raising animals for meat and milk, highly intensive processes, that use so many resources, our damage can no longer be swept under the rug.
These findings suggest a better vit E and Se status in the larger dairy herds with intensive feeding and high milk yield.
Therefore, it is interesting that in this study early OLA, as defined for beef cows, was associated with an increased incidence of prolonged luteal phases despite a number of the known risk factors (high milk yields, intensive genetic selection for milk production and uterine disease) being absent.
Intensive lactation: only breast milk or no more than 6 oz/day of formula supplementation within 6-9 weeks postpartum, and intention to continue breastfeeding intensively for at least 4 months postpartum.
Similarly, energy consumption decreased from 5·0 MJ kg−1 milk for intensive dairy farms in the Netherlands to 4·0 MJ kg−1 milk for French farms using maize silage and fertilized grasses and to 3·1 and 1·4 MJ kg−1 for systems based on grazing in Ireland and New Zealand respectively (Le Gall et al., 2009; Peyraud et al., 2009).
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com