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There are more than 1300 articles in scientific literature dealing with positive impacts of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) such as reduction of extraction time, diminution of solvent and energy used, enhancement in yield and even selectivity, intensification of diffusion, and eliminating wastes.
Our work is the first attempt to distinguish between the contribution to the intensification of diffusion processes by really martensitic γ-ε-γ transformations and by structural defects formed as a result of diffusion structure changes during such transformations.
The intensification of diffusion processes was due to the fact that, under the direct and the reverse martensitic transformations a significant number of dislocations, fragment's sub-boundaries, and deformation twins were formed, so that, in these areas, the atoms are transported more rapidly.
Therefore, the diffusion of water molecules in a voxel in white matter fibers aligned in a certain direction is more likely to be limited in the direction perpendicular to fiber alignment, resulting in intensification of diffusion anisotropy and FA elevation.
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This means that the intensification of carbon diffusion after the first cycle of γ-ε-γ transformation is completely determined by the growth of dislocation density in the initial γ-phase.
Nevertheless, in [4] only an integrated result of the intensification of the diffusion processes has been obtained which is due to the overall influence of the factors of martensitic transformation.
One should accept that the main mechanism of diffusion intensification due to the thermal activation is the acceleration of diffusion in dislocations.
Apparently, many times, repeating cycles of iron oxidation-reduction also plays a big role in the process of spheroidization which leads to a weakening of the bonds between the atoms in the crystal lattice and thereby contributes for intensification of their self-diffusion.
Therefore, a significant diffusion intensification of cobalt atoms under cyclic γ-ε-γ transformations is associated with the effect of two independent mechanisms - an athermal and a thermally activated one.
The up-to-date ability to create ultrafine and nanocrystalline structures of metallic materials opens new prospects for further intensification methods of chemical and thermal treatment (carburizing, nitriding, metallization) due to a significant acceleration of diffusion.
The Mathematics of Diffusion.
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