This process has been uniquely augmented in Thoroughbred horses, which for four centuries have been subject to intense artificial selection for system-wide structural and functional adaptations that contribute to athletic performance phenotypes.
Although the biochemical, structural and functional properties of myofibers have been the subject of intense investigation for the last decades, understanding molecular processes regulating fiber type diversity is still complicated by the heterogeneity of cell types present in the whole muscle organ.
It has been recently shown that intense endurance exercise causes right and not left ventricular dysfunction, with apparent complete short-term recovery, yet structural and functional changes of the right ventricle were evident in some athletes [ 72].
However, when an intense production of reactive species takes place, RBCs may acquire a prooxidant behavior [ 18] and lose their typical structural and functional features [ 16– 18, 96].
Musical training can induce various structural and functional changes in the brain, depending on which instrument is being learned, and the intensity of the training regime.
She finds that present terminologies are problematic, maintaining, for example, that seeing the gene as both a structural and functional entity has hindered progress.
"Effects include increased cancer risk, cellular stress, increase in harmful free radicals, genetic damages, structural and functional changes of the reproductive system, learning and memory deficits, neurological disorders, and negative impacts on general well-being in humans".
Additionally, the extreme exercise and environmental conditions might enable me to further investigate structural and functional integrity of cells with special respect to blood, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidneys and the central nervous system".
