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The intense forest fires of the last 10 to 15 years, exacerbated by a decade of intense drought and heat, are widely considered a highly visible example of the kind of threat global warming trends could pose to parks.
In contrast, major disturbances include large-scale wind events (such as tropical cyclones), long-lasting droughts, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, intense forest fires, epidemics, ocean temperature changes stemming from El Niño events or other climate phenomena, and pollution and land-use conversion caused by humans.
In contrast, major disturbances include large-scale wind events (such as tropical cyclones), volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, intense forest fires, epidemics, ocean temperature changes stemming from El Niño events or other climate phenomena, and pollution and land-use conversion caused by humans.
The associated high rate of cross-slip leads to extremely intense forest hardening and a dislocation density that increases precipitously with plastic strain to the extent that brittle cleavage is a natural consequence.
The first period (1976 1996) was marked by expressive forest loss and fragmentation, whereas the second (1996 2014) was characterized by a much less intense forest dynamics, with little deforestation being balanced by forest regeneration.
Porous media containing sharp wettability discontinuities may occur in natural systems due to depositional processes, accumulation of organic layers or modification of soil wettability following intense forest fires all of which are known to significantly modify water flow and transport processes.
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I prefer the term "global weirding," coined by Hunter Lovins, co-founder of the Rocky Mountain Institute, because the rise in average global temperature is going to lead to all sorts of crazy things — from hotter heat spells and droughts in some places, to colder cold spells and more violent storms, more intense flooding, forest fires and species loss in other places.
Interspecific competition was intense during forest development and was the main factor driving succession.
Soils in the German Limestone Alps show a significant OC stock gradient from W (Werdenfels) to E (Berchtesgaden region), which probably has been caused by more intense historical forest utilization in the latter compared to the former region.
Interspecific competition was intense during forest development and was the main factor driving succession, which supports the harsh-benign hypothesis that interspecific competition is more common in stable sites.
Action will have to be focused where the human imprint is most intense, in forests, on the farm and in the fast-expanding cities, experts say.
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