By the end of the second century, a male leadership had emerged, and after that it became the 'men were what the Holy Spirit intended' argument and then the 'tradition of the church' argument.
Many times, the students came up with not one but a variety of strong, new sentences that expressed the intended argument, in the process making it more advanced and subtle.
The process raises questions: What was the intended argument?
Following the principles of the ECgD implies that an intended interpretive argument on a fine-grained skill level requires a sounded specification of a manageable set of skills on the basis of the competence model (A).
Dubois' use of the phrase has been widely misinterpreted as a retraction, but it was intended an argument to support his claim that Pithecanthropus was a transitional form.
("Thee" still refers back to the "world" but God now seems a little more closely identified with it). Thompson might intend an argument here with contemporary astronomers, and perhaps also with their detractors.
Quite apart from whether this conclusion is so obviously false as to serve as the reductio as absurdum that Bayle intends, his argument turns on an equivocation.
Zeno then explains that he intends this argument as a kind of defense of Parmenides' monism: just as others have argued that monism leads to absurd results (Zeno may be thinking here of the sorts of absurdities mentioned by Plato at Sophist 244b 245e), so pluralism suffers consequences that are, if anything, even more absurd.
It is important to recognize the distinction between theoretical moral arguments for theism (arguments intended to show that God exists), and pragmatic moral arguments for the rationality of theistic belief.
There are other instances of what Paul Krugman calls, in another context, zombie arguments, intended to defend the violence — arguments that are clearly false but impossible to kill off, that attempt to justify both fighting and, bizarrely, violence that doesn't stem directly from fights.
But Bas van Fraassen has offered an extremely influential line of argument intended to show that such contrastive underdetermination is a serious concern for scientific theorizing more generally.
