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The behavior of Mr. Moussaoui at a Minnesota flight school in the summer of 2001 set off a fierce internal debate at the F.B.I. over whether it could seek a criminal warrant or an intelligence warrant against him.
Robert S. Mueller III, the F.B.I. director, said law enforcement officials had decided before Sept. 11 that they lacked legal authority to obtain a court-approved intelligence warrant, known as a F.I.S.A. warrant, to search Mr. Moussaoui's laptop computer.
In mid-1997, when Ms. Reno turned down a request by the F.B.I. to seek a special intelligence warrant to allow electronic surveillance of Dr. Lee in an effort to jump-start the inquiry, F.B.I. officials protested, but did not alert Mr. Freeh.
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When credible intelligence warrants, appropriate law enforcement and local officials are alerted.
It allowed the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on phone calls of terrorism suspects and monitor huge amounts of phone and e-mail traffic without court-approved intelligence warrants.
The NSA was created in part out of the belief that the importance and distinct character of communications intelligence warranted an organization distinct from both the armed forces and the other intelligence agencies.
But civil liberties advocates, who have pushed for the repeal of secret intelligence warrants under the library records provision, argue that federal authorities can already use standard criminal warrants at libraries if they have evidence linking a suspect to terrorism.
Despite concerns about the accuracy of some of the information that the F.B.I. has provided, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court, which considers surveillance applications, approved all 932 requests for intelligence warrants from the Justice Department last year.
In the first year after the attacks, for instance, Mr. Ashcroft approved 113 emergency authorizations for secret foreign intelligence warrants for electronic or physical surveillance, compared with fewer than 50 in the previous 23 years.
* In the first year after the attacks, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved 113 emergency authorizations for secret foreign intelligence warrants for electronic or physical surveillance, compared with fewer than 50 in the previous 23 years.
The government's use of secret intelligence warrants for wiretaps and other surveillance operations leveled off in 2004 after sharp spikes in previous years, according to a Justice Department tally.
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