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For within-trait intelligence difference associations, we could drop a further seven paths.
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Tang et al. (2010) analyzed intelligence differences separately for the two sexes and found that higher intelligent males show lower FA in the forceps major, while in females, FA in parts of the forceps major (extension of the splenium) is positively correlated with general intelligence.
Controversy arose, however, over his two basic theses: (1) that everyone has the same intelligence, differences in learning success being only a case of differences in industry and stamina, and (2) that everything is in everything: "Tout est dans tout," which suggests that any subject or book is analogous to any other.
This study aimed at examining sex and intelligence differences in the white matter microstructure.
This study examined one developmental process that potentially causes intelligence differences: learning to read.
Only one significant cross-lagged path emerged between intelligence and reading differences: that between age 9 intelligence differences and age 10 reading differences.
If reading exposure improves intelligence above and beyond reading ability, we would expect to see significant paths from exposure differences to intelligence differences in this model.
Paths from reading to verbal intelligence differences were also present and overall summed to a larger association of reading with verbal intelligence.
Overall, the process of path testing supported our hypothesis about the effects of reading on intelligence: Reading differences measured at several ages were significantly associated with later intelligence differences.
To take one example, reading differences at age 12 in the model shown in Figure 3 explain 7% of intelligence differences at age 16 (.26).
Thus, restricting the reading measurements to one indicator, consistent across four measurement waves, still resulted in significant links between reading differences and intelligence differences.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com