The study is comprised of six main sections, which can be listed as Introduction, Being Instrumental: Thinking to Think, Intellectual Instruments of Philosophy, Basic Design and Philosophy, Basic Design Studio: Theory and Space, Discussion.
For Zabarella the methods in the strict sense of the word are intellectual instruments proceeding from the known to produce knowledge of the unknown.
"It was a rather intellectual instrument in its first conception, so to reduce it to almost its pure concept, as is done in the virtual version, works perfectly," he said.
This chapter summarizes algebra, which is fundamental to engineering, and is the intellectual instrument which has been created for rendering clear quantitative aspects of the world.
However, "the hypothesis is the principal intellectual instrument in research" [ 72] and it is an "utterly misleading view that knowledge can be advanced by merely collecting facts" [ 209].
On the basis of the Bracken test, a validated intellectual screening instrument (37, 38), 12% of the sample was classified as having delayed cognitive development.
Subsequently, we present a selection of laboratory experiments in the field of innovation policy, namely intellectual property rights, financial instruments, payment schemes, and R&D competition.
Endoxa, in ancient dialectic, were starting, intermediate, and often also endpoints of such activities; and, to this extent, they might be seen as instruments for intellectual training.
Therefore, we provide an overview of the existing methods, discuss the advantages and limitations of laboratory experiments, and review experimental studies dealing with different fields of innovation policy, namely intellectual property rights, financial instruments, payment schemes, and R&D competition.
One does not have to wander too far into science fiction to imagine a confrontation between these instruments of intellectual ambition, on the one hand, and core human values and routines of life as they have developed over 3000 years, on the other.
As the experimental method yields promising results in testing intellectual property rights, financial instruments, payment schemes, and R&D competition, we suggest that laboratory experiments can serve as a useful additional tool to innovation economists and represent a source of promising new insights for innovation research.
